The overall structure of the repository is a directory tree corresponding to the directories in the working directory. For example, supposing the repository is in. With the directories are history files for each file under version control.
The history files contain, among other things, enough information to recreate any revision of the file, a log of all commit messages and the user-name of the person who committed the revision.
The history files are known as RCS files , because the first program to store files in that format was a version control system known as RCS. This file format has become very common—many systems other than CVS or RCS can at least import history files in this format.
The biggest difference is magic branches; for more information see Magic branch numbers. The directories inside the repository should be writable by the persons that have permission to modify the files in each directory. This normally means that you must create a UNIX group see group 5 consisting of the persons that are to edit the files in a project, and set up the repository so that it is that group that owns the directory. On some systems, you also need to set the set-group-ID-on-execution bit on the repository directories see chmod 1 so that newly-created files and directories get the group-ID of the parent directory rather than that of the current process.
Note that users must also have write access to check out files, because CVS needs to create lock files see Concurrency.
CVS uses it to keep track of what tags are valid tag names it is sometimes updated when tags are used, as well as when they are created. Each RCS file will be owned by the user who last checked it in. This has little significance; what really matters is who owns the directories. CVS tries to set up reasonable file permissions for new directories that are added inside the tree, but you must fix the permissions manually when a new directory should have different permissions than its parent directory.
Using pserver, you will generally need stricter permissions on the CVSROOT directory and directories above it in the tree; see Password authentication security. Some operating systems have features which allow a particular program to run with the ability to perform operations which the caller of the program could not. CVS was not written to use such features and therefore attempting to install CVS in this fashion will provide protection against only accidental lapses; anyone who is trying to circumvent the measure will be able to do so, and depending on how you have set it up may gain access to more than just CVS.
You may wish to instead consider pserver. It shares some of the same attributes, in terms of possibly providing a false sense of security or opening security holes wider than the ones you are trying to fix, so read the documentation on pserver security carefully if you are considering this option Password authentication security.
Some file permission issues are specific to Windows operating systems Windows 95, Windows NT, and presumably future operating systems in this family. If you are using local CVS and the repository is on a networked file system which is served by the Samba SMB server, some people have reported problems with permissions.
If you find something out, please let us know as described in BUGS. It should not matter from a user point of view whether a file is in the attic; CVS keeps track of this and looks in the attic when it needs to. But in case you want to know, the rule is that the RCS file is stored in the attic if and only if the head revision on the trunk has state dead. A dead state means that file has been removed, or never added, for that revision. For example, if you add a file on a branch, it will have a trunk revision in dead state, and a branch revision in a non- dead state.
In the future additional files may be added to this directory, so implementations should silently ignore additional files. This behavior is implemented only by CVS 1. Other ent-type are reserved for future expansion. CVS 1. Note that the order of the lines is not significant; a program writing the fileattr file may rearrange them at its convenience. Users with watches for this file. Users editing this file. Furthermore, joe is watching for edits and mary is watching for commits.
Future files which are added should be checked out read-only. For an introduction to CVS locks focusing on user-visible behavior, see Concurrency. The following section is aimed at people who are writing tools which want to access a CVS repository without interfering with other tools accessing the same repository. If you find yourself confused by concepts described here, like read lock , write lock , and deadlock , you might consult the literature on operating systems or databases.
Any file in the repository with a name starting with cvs. The directory cvs. That is, one must obtain this lock first before creating any of the other locks. To obtain a read lock, first create the cvs. This operation must be atomic which should be true for creating a directory under most operating systems.
If it fails because the directory already existed, wait for a while and try again. After obtaining the cvs. Then remove the cvs. Then proceed with reading the repository.
When you are done, remove the cvs. To obtain a write lock, first create the cvs. Then check that there are no files whose names start with cvs. If there are, remove cvs. If there are no readers, then create a file whose name is cvs. Hang on to the cvs. Proceed with writing the repository. When you are done, first remove the cvs. Note that unlike the cvs. Note that each lock write lock or read lock only locks a single directory in the repository, including Attic and CVS but not including subdirectories which represent other directories under version control.
To lock an entire tree, you need to lock each directory note that if you fail to obtain any lock you need, you must release the whole tree before waiting and trying again, to avoid deadlocks.
Note also that CVS expects write locks to control access to individual foo,v files. However, there are a few differences. For each administrative file, in addition to the RCS file, there is also a checked out copy of the file. For example, there is an RCS file loginfo,v and a file loginfo which contains the latest revision contained in loginfo,v. When you check in an administrative file, CVS should print. If it does not, there is something wrong see BUGS.
To add your own files to the files to be updated in this fashion, you can add them to the checkoutlist administrative file see checkoutlist. By default, the modules file behaves as described above. Therefore, by making appropriate edits to the CVS source code one can store the modules file in a database which implements the ndbm interface, such as Berkeley db or GDBM. If this option is in use, then the modules database will be stored in the files modules.
For information on the meaning of the various administrative files, see Administrative files. While we are discussing CVS internals which may become visible from time to time, we might as well talk about what CVS puts in the CVS directories in the working directories.
But in some cases it may be useful to look at it, and other programs, such as the jCVS graphical user interface or the VC package for emacs, may need to look at it. Such programs should follow the recommendations in this section if they hope to be able to work with other programs which use those files, including future versions of the programs just mentioned and the command-line CVS client.
The CVS directory contains several files. Programs which are reading this directory should silently ignore files which are in the directory but which are not documented here, to allow for future expansion. The files are stored according to the text file convention for the system in question. This means that working directories are not portable between systems with differing conventions for storing text files.
This is intentional, on the theory that the files being managed by CVS probably will not be portable between such systems either. This file contains the current CVS root, as described in Specifying a repository.
This file contains the directory within the repository which the current directory corresponds with. It can be either an absolute pathname or a relative pathname; CVS has had the ability to read either format since at least version 1. The relative pathname is relative to the root, and is the more sensible approach, but the absolute pathname is quite common and implementations should accept either.
For example, after the command. This file lists the files and directories in the working directory. The first character of each line indicates what sort of line it is. If the character is unrecognized, programs reading the file should silently skip that line, to allow for future expansion. This is not a special case; to see whether a file is modified a program should take the timestamp of the file and simply do a string compare with timestamp. If there was a conflict, conflict can be set to the modification time of the file after the file has been written with conflict markers see Conflicts example.
Thus if conflict is subsequently the same as the actual modification time of the file it means that the user has obviously not resolved the conflict.
Note that if timestamp contains a pair of timestamps separated by a space, rather than a single timestamp, you are dealing with a version of CVS earlier than CVS 1. This rule is so that files do not appear to be modified merely because the timezone changed for example, to or from summer time. Otherwise, the line looks like:. Programs which modify Entries files should preserve these fields. This file does not record any information beyond that in Entries , but it does provide a way to update the information without having to rewrite the entire Entries file, including the ability to preserve the information even if the program writing Entries and Entries.
Log abruptly aborts. Programs which are reading the Entries file should also check for Entries. If the latter exists, they should read Entries and then apply the changes mentioned in Entries. After applying the changes, the recommended practice is to rewrite Entries and then delete Entries. The format of a line in Entries. Log is a single character command followed by a space followed by a line in the format specified for a line in Entries. Log should be silently ignored for future expansion.
If the second character of the line in Entries. Log is not a space, then it was written by an older version of CVS not documented here. Programs which are writing rather than reading can safely ignore Entries.
Log if they so choose. This is a temporary file. Recommended usage is to write a new entries file to Entries. Backup , and then to rename it atomically, where possible to Entries. The only relevant thing about this file is whether it exists or not. If it exists, then it means that only part of a directory was gotten and CVS will not create additional files in that directory. This file contains per-directory sticky tags or dates. This character is followed by the tag or date.
Note that per-directory sticky tags or dates are used for things like applying to files which are newly added; they might not be the same as the sticky tags or dates on individual files.
For general information on sticky tags and dates, see Sticky tags. This file stores notifications for example, for edit or unedit which have not yet been sent to the server. Its format is not yet documented here. This file is to Notify as Entries. Backup is to Entries. That is, to write Notify , first write the new contents to Notify. If watches are in use, then an edit command stores the original copy of the file in the Base directory. This allows the unedit command to operate even if it is unable to communicate with the server.
The file lists the revision for each of the files in the Base directory. The format is:. This file is to Baserev as Entries. That is, to write Baserev , first write the new contents to Baserev. This file contains the template specified by the rcsinfo file see rcsinfo.
See Administrative files , for a complete description. You can use CVS without any of these files, but some commands work better when at least the modules file is properly set up. The most important of these files is the modules file. It defines all modules in the repository. This is a sample modules file. The modules file is line oriented.
In its simplest form each line contains the name of the module, whitespace, and the directory where the module resides.
The last four lines in the example above are examples of such lines. See modules , for a full explanation of all the available features. You edit the administrative files in the same way that you would edit any other module. It is possible to commit an erroneous administrative file. You can often fix the error and check in a new revision, but sometimes a particularly bad error in the administrative file makes it impossible to commit new revisions.
In some situations it is a good idea to have more than one repository, for instance if you have two development groups that work on separate projects without sharing any code.
The big advantage of having multiple repositories is that they can reside on different servers. With CVS version 1. With development versions of CVS , you can check out code from multiple servers into your working directory. CVS will recurse and handle all the details of making connections to as many server machines as necessary to perform the requested command. Here is an example of how to set up a working directory:.
This section describes how to set up a CVS repository for any sort of access method. After completing the setup described in this section, you should be able to access your CVS repository immediately via the local access method and several remote access methods.
For more information on setting up remote access to the repository you create in this section, please read the section on See Remote repositories. To set up a CVS repository, first choose the machine and disk on which you want to store the revision history of the source files. CPU and memory requirements are modest, so most machines should be adequate. For details see Server requirements.
To estimate disk space requirements, if you are importing RCS files from another system, the size of those files is the approximate initial size of your repository, or if you are starting without any version history, a rule of thumb is to allow for the server approximately three times the size of the code to be under CVS for the repository you will eventually outgrow this, but not for a while.
The repository should be accessible directly or via a networked file system from all machines which want to use CVS in server or local mode; the client machines need not have any access to it other than via the CVS protocol. It is not possible to use CVS to read from a repository which one only has read access to; CVS needs to be able to create lock files see Concurrency. To create a repository, run the cvs init command. It will set up an empty repository in the CVS root specified in the usual way see Repository.
For example,. There is nothing particularly magical about the files in the repository; for the most part it is possible to back them up just like any other files. However, there are a few issues to consider. The first is that to be paranoid, one should either not use CVS during the backup, or have the backup program lock CVS while doing the backup. To not use CVS , you might forbid logins to machines which can access the repository, turn off your CVS server, or similar mechanisms.
The details would depend on your operating system and how you have CVS set up. To lock CVS , you would create cvs. See Concurrency , for more on CVS locks. Having said all this, if you just back up without any of these precautions, the results are unlikely to be particularly dire. Restoring from backup, the repository might be in an inconsistent state, but this would not be particularly hard to fix manually. When you restore a repository from backup, assuming that changes in the repository were made after the time of the backup, working directories which were not affected by the failure may refer to revisions which no longer exist in the repository.
Trying to run CVS in such directories will typically produce an error message. One way to get those changes back into the repository is as follows:.
Just as backing up the files in the repository is pretty much like backing up any other files, if you need to move a repository from one place to another it is also pretty much like just moving any other collection of files. The main thing to consider is that working directories point to the repository. The simplest way to deal with a moved repository is to just get a fresh working directory after the move. Your working copy of the sources can be on a different machine than the repository.
You run CVS on a machine which can mount your working directory, known as the client , and tell it to communicate to a machine which can mount the repository, known as the server.
Generally, using a remote repository is just like using a local one, except that the format of the repository name is:. Specifying a password in the repository name is not recommended during checkout, since this will cause CVS to store a cleartext copy of the password in each created directory.
The quick answer to what sort of machine is suitable as a server is that requirements are modest—a server with 32M of memory or even less can handle a fairly large source tree with a fair amount of activity. The real answer, of course, is more complicated. Estimating the known areas of large memory consumption should be sufficient to estimate memory requirements. There are two such areas documented here; other memory consumption should be small by comparison if you find that is not the case, let us know, as described in BUGS , so we can update this documentation.
The first area of big memory consumption is large checkouts, when using the CVS server. The server consists of two processes for each client that it is serving. Memory consumption on the child process should remain fairly small. Memory consumption on the parent process, particularly if the network connection to the client is slow, can be expected to grow to slightly more than the size of the sources in a single directory, or two megabytes, whichever is larger.
Multiplying the size of each CVS server by the number of servers which you expect to have active at one time should give an idea of memory requirements for the server. For the most part, the memory consumed by the parent process probably can be swap space rather than physical memory. The second area of large memory consumption is diff , when checking in large files.
This is required even for binary files. The rule of thumb is to allow about ten times the size of the largest file you will want to check in, although five times may be adequate. This can be swap space rather than physical memory. Because the memory is only required briefly, there is no particular need to allow memory for more than one such checkin at a time.
Resource consumption for the client is even more modest—any machine with enough capacity to run the operating system in question should have little trouble. For information on disk space requirements, see Creating a repository. Note that the program that CVS uses for this purpose may be specified using the --with-ssh flag to configure.
Note that the program that CVS uses for this purpose may be specified using the --with-rsh flag to configure. On faun, put the following line into the file. Next you have to make sure that rsh will be able to find the server. Make sure that the path which rsh printed in the above example includes the directory containing a program named cvs which is the server. You need to set the path in.
It must be a program which can transmit data to and from the server without modifying it; for example the Windows NT rsh is not suitable since it by default translates between CRLF and LF. The bach can be omitted if the username is the same on both the local and remote hosts. The CVS client can also connect to the server using a password protocol. This is particularly useful if using rsh is not feasible for example, the server is behind a firewall , and Kerberos also is not available.
To use this method, it is necessary to make some adjustments on both the server and client sides. See Password authentication security , for more details. The usual solution to this problem is to have inetd run a shell script which then invokes CVS with the necessary arguments:. If your system uses xinetd instead of inetd , the procedure is slightly different.
Once the above is taken care of, restart your inetd , or do whatever is necessary to force it to reread its initialization files. Here is an example passwd file with five entries:. The first line in the example will grant access to any CVS client attempting to authenticate as user anonymous , no matter what password they use, including an empty password. This is typical for sites granting anonymous read-only access; for information on how to do the "read-only" part, see Read-only access.
The second and third lines will grant access to bach and spwang if they supply their respective plaintext passwords. The fourth line will grant access to melissa , if she supplies the correct password, but her CVS operations will actually run on the server side under the system user pubcvs. Thus, there need not be any system user named melissa , but there must be one named pubcvs. The fifth line shows that system user identities can be shared: any client who successfully authenticates as qproj will actually run as pubcvs , just as melissa does.
The CVS username on each line would be different, but the system username would be the same. And the reason to have them share a system username is so that you can arrange permissions in the relevant area of the repository such that only that account has write-permission there.
If the system-user field is present, all password-authenticated CVS commands run as that user; if no system user is specified, CVS simply takes the CVS username as the system username and runs commands as that user. In either case, if there is no such user on the system, then the CVS operation will fail regardless of whether the client supplied a valid password. The password and system-user fields can both be omitted and if the system-user field is omitted, then also omit the colon that would have separated it from the encrypted password.
However, the colon after the CVS username is always necessary, even if the password is empty. CVS can also fall back to use system authentication.
If it finds the user, it will use that entry for authentication as described above. See Password authentication security for more on this. Right now, the only way to put a password in the CVS passwd file is to paste it there from somewhere else. Someday, there may be a cvs passwd command. To run a CVS command on a remote repository via the password-authenticating server, one specifies the pserver protocol, optional username, repository host, an optional port number, and path to the repository.
For example:. Logging in verifies your password with the repository and stores it in a file. After you enter the password, CVS verifies it with the server. If verification fails, CVS will exit complaining that the password was incorrect, and nothing will be recorded.
If you use this variable, make sure you set it before cvs login is run. If you were to set it after running cvs login , then later CVS commands would be unable to look up the password for transmission to the server. Once you have logged in, all CVS commands using that remote repository and username will authenticate with the stored password. So, for example. The passwords are stored on the client side in a trivial encoding of the cleartext, and transmitted in the same encoding.
The encoding is done only to prevent inadvertent password compromises i. The separate CVS password file see Password authentication server allows people to use a different password for repository access than for login access.
On the other hand, once a user has non-read-only access to the repository, she can execute programs on the server system through a variety of means.
Thus, repository access implies fairly broad system access as well. It might be possible to modify CVS to prevent that, but no one has done so as of this writing. Anyone who has write access to such a directory will have the ability to become any user on the system. Note that these permissions are typically tighter than you would use if you are not using pserver.
In summary, anyone who gets the password gets repository access which may imply some measure of general system access as well.
The password is available to anyone who can sniff network packets or read a protected i. If you want real security, get Kerberos. You can also use the --with-gssapi flag to configure. You must use the -a global option to request stream authentication.
The data transmitted is not encrypted by default. Encryption support must be compiled into both the client and the server; use the --enable-encrypt configure option to turn it on. You must then use the -x global option to request encryption. Presentation Layer 7.
Introduction CVS is a revision control system that we use to manage our locally-developed software as well as some systems files that are often edited by more than one staff person. Initialize the Repository If you are setting up the CVS repository from scratch yourself, you will need to run the following command once to do the initialization. Refresh Checked-Out Files Other people can check out their own copies of the project files and make changes to them.
Add New Files Use cvs add to add new files. Search Search this site:. Nvidia GPU cluster. Xilinx Vivado Admin. OnGuard Card Access. How to Find System Resource Information. Cadence License Server. Error messages returned or exceptions captured in Action Server or Policy Module logs include Out of memory , Not enough storage , and other messages that make reference to an inability to allocate a resource such as a Named Pipe or Windows Socket.
Increasing the maximum number of policy instances that can run concurrently on a single Action Server consists of two steps:. Increasing the Desktop Heap is a Windows system wide change and requires a reboot. More information including an explanation of Desktop Heap can be found in User Opalis Integration Server processes all use varying amounts of Desktop Heap depending on which objects and how many objects exist in each policy.
RCVS is mainly used to manipulate files by checking them into and out of a central library via the ci and co commands, respectively. Initially, the file must be added to CVS control via the add action.
However, before any files in a particular folder can be added to CVS, that folder which contains the files must be added to CVS. A folder is initially put under CVS control with a special set of commands which are outside the scope of this document. When you remove a file from CVS control, it is not removed from the disk. For example, if you remove the file setup.
There are no commands to purge the archives other than just to delete the files themselves. Follow the steps below and make sure that you get the expected output. Type in a few keywords describing what information you are looking for in the text box below.
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