Lastly, the understanding of the mechanisms could help the formulation of drugs for topical use, especially for those patients who experience frequent recurrences. In conclusion, our study describes for the first time that NS MIX exert both anti-HSV type-1 and antimicrobial activity and could potentially be used in a topical formulation. Data curation, M. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Nutrients v. Published online Oct 3. Find articles by Maria Musarra-Pizzo. Find articles by Giovanna Ginestra. Find articles by Antonella Smeriglio. Find articles by Maria Teresa Sciortino. Find articles by Giuseppina Mandalari. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Aug 8; Accepted Sep This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract Due to their antimicrobial and antiviral activity potential in vitro, polyphenols are gaining a lot of attention from the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. Keywords: S. Introduction A number of studies have indicated that phytochemicals present in almond Prunus dulcis L. Materials and Methods 2. Results 3. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Plaque Assay A significant decrease in the viral titer and plaques morphology was found after incubation with NS MIX at the concentration of 0.
Figure 2. Figure 3. Discussion There is a clear need for the discovery of novel natural compounds against viruses or pathogenic bacteria. Conclusions In conclusion, our study describes for the first time that NS MIX exert both anti-HSV type-1 and antimicrobial activity and could potentially be used in a topical formulation. Acknowledgments We thank Bernard Roizman for his contribution.
Author Contributions Data curation, M. Conflicts of Interest Authors declare no conflicts of interest. References 1. Haider S. Nootropic and hyphofagic effects following long term intake of almonds Prunus amygdalus in rats. Mandalari G. Characterization of polyphenols, lipids and dietary fibre from skins of almonds Amygdalus communis L. Food Comp. Milbury P. Food Chem. Chen C. Antimicrobial potential of polyphenols extracted from almond skins.
In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic properties of almond skins Amygdalus communis L. FEMS Microbiol. Bisignano C. Antibacterial activities of almond skins on cagA-positive and-negative clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. BMC Microbiol. Lowy F. Staphylococcus aureus infections. Arena A. Immunomodulatory and antiviral activity of almond skins. Neuroprotective effects of almond skins in experimental spinal cord injury. Twentieth Informational Supplement. Sciortino M. The virion host shutoff RNase plays a key role in blocking the activation of protein kinase R in cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1.
Duda-Chodak A. Interaction of dietary compounds, especially polyphenols, with the intestinal microbiota: A review. Wang L. Membrane and genomic DNA dual-targeting of citrus flavonoid naringenin against Staphylococcus aureus. Adequate sleep will help to support immune functioning. Eat at home to avoid contact with other people and try to reduce the chance of being exposed to COVID A proper diet can help to ensure that the body is in the strongest possible state to battle the virus.
The food safety management system must provide food safety officials and workers with proper personal protective equipment to avoid contamination. Keep cooked and raw foods separate, as it would prevent the harmful microbes from raw foods spreading to cooked foods.
Use different chopping boards and utensils for cooked and raw foods to prevent cross-contamination. Frequently disinfect surfaces which came in contact with customers or workers such as door knobs, counters, grocery carts.
A proper and healthy diet can ensure a robust immune system that can resist any onslaught by the virus. A certain amount of particular nutrient saturates into cells and prevents any kind of nutritional deficiency. Individuals consuming well-balanced diets appear to be safer with better immune systems and lower incidence of chronic diseases and infections. The main objective of this article is to induce healthy dietary habits that help to maintain the physical and mental health of individuals.
Conflict of Interest: None. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Pak J Med Sci. Faseeha Aman 1 and Sadia Masood 2. Faseeha Aman 1 Ms. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Correspondence: Ms. Faseeha Aman M. Email: moc. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Currently Covid pandemic is a leading challenge across the globe. Keywords: Nutrition, Immunity, Corona pandemic.
Eat whole grains and nuts, g of grains unprocessed maize, oats, wheat, millet, brown rice or roots such as yam, potato, taro or cassava Use nuts like almonds, coconut, and pistachio. Limit the salt intake to five g a day. Avoid all fizzy, carbonated, concentrated juices, and all drinks which contain sugar. Wash, rinse, and disinfect objects and surfaces every time before and after use.
Food service workers should use gloves while preparing a meal. For example, ephedrine can reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines through the PI3K-Akt pathway to inhibit the inflammation induced by peptidoglycan [ 71 ]. ACE2 is widely distributed, and is not only a necessary receptor for the invasion of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, but also a key substance leading to organ damage [ 74 ].
Therefore, the search for possible treatment strategies from ACE2 has broad application prospects and clinical value. Therefore, inhibition of this enzyme is also an effective strategy to block virus replication [ 75 ]. This work provides the possibility to discover or design and synthesize effective protease inhibitors as antivirals for COVID In summary, ephedra-bitter almonds were used to prevent and treat COVID, not only by directly inhibiting the virus but also by regulating immune responses and promoting body repair.
This study can provide a certain theoretical basis for subsequent experiments. Methodology: Kai Gao and Anna Song. Visualization: Kai Gao. Project administration: Kai Gao. Software: Kai Gao. Supervision: Yan-Ping Song. Writing — original draft: Kai Gao and Anna Song. The authors read and approved the final manuscript. Our goal is to publish this research article in a peer-reviewed journal.
Since there are no issues about participant privacy, the review will not require ethical approval. All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List BioData Min v. BioData Min. Published online Nov Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Yan-Ping Song, Email: moc. Corresponding author. Received May 4; Accepted Nov 2.
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This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Basic information and network topology parameter values of 47 potentially active compounds obtained by ADME screening. Table S2. The information and network topology parameter values of potential targets of ephedra-bitter almond against COVID Table S3. GO enrichment analysis. Table S4. KEGG enrichment analysis. Abstract Background COVID has caused a global pandemic, and there is no wonder drug for epidemic control at present.
Material and methods We collected and screened potential active components of ephedra-bitter almond based on the TCMSP Database, and we predicted targets of the components. Results Ephedra-bitter almond played an overall regulatory role in anti-COVID via the patterns of multi-component-target-pathway. Conclusion Ephedra-bitter almonds were used to prevent and treat COVID through directly inhibiting the virus, regulating immune responses, and promoting body repair.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at Open in a separate window. Prediction and screening of targets Target prediction of chemical composition is essential to elucidate its pharmacological effects.
Results Potential active components of ephedra-bitter almond In the TCMSP Database, we collected a total of candidate components from ephedra, and a total of candidate components from bitter almond. Target prediction and disease mapping In this study, a total of targets of the compounds were predicted by the TCMSP database after deduplication. Network construction In this step, the H-C-T network was constructed including nodes 2 herbs, 47 active compounds, and potential targets and edges Fig.
Functional annotations GO enrichment analysis GO annotation analysis includes three parts: cellular component, biological process, and molecular function. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis The result showed that the potential targets were mapped to a total of pathways. Docking results We simulated the docking of 19 main compounds of ephedra-bitter almond with two potential targets, 3CL and ACE2, respectively. Table 3 Binding energies of 19 main compounds and positive control drug to two potential targets.
Conclusion In summary, ephedra-bitter almonds were used to prevent and treat COVID, not only by directly inhibiting the virus but also by regulating immune responses and promoting body repair. Supplementary Information Additional file 1: Table S1. Availability of data and materials All data are available in the manuscript and they are shown in figures and tables. Ethics approval and consent to participate Our goal is to publish this research article in a peer-reviewed journal.
Competing interests All the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. References 1. Int J Antimicrob Agents. Int J Biol Sci. Shanghai Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine ; Study on medication regularity of Traditional Chinese Medicine in prevention and treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia based on data mining.
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